A Hybrid Photovoltaic-Wind Smart-Grid Node with Landsman Converter, Battery Storage and IoT Monitoring

Abstract

This paper reports the design of a hybrid photovoltaic and wind generation node with battery storage, in which an interleaved Landsman converter conditions the photovoltaic output, a rectifier and converter stage handles the wind branch, a proportional-integral energy-management loop coordinates storage, and an ESP8266 node publishes array parameters and battery state of charge for remote display. The conversion, tracking, power-balance and state-of-charge relations are consolidated in full. The paper's principal contribution is an audit of the numbers the project reports rather than a restatement of them. The displayed operating point, being 600 V array voltage, 7.8 A array current and 80 % state of charge, implies an array power of 4.68 kW, which is examined against the character of the constructed hardware and identified as a simulation quantity displayed through the monitoring node rather than a measurement of a laboratory prototype; it is reported with that provenance. The efficiency comparison, in which the Landsman stage is credited with 95 % against 80 %, 85 % and 87 % for boost, Cuk and SEPIC alternatives, is shown to compare one design value against three figures cited from other authors' papers, measured on different hardware at unstated operating points; such a comparison cannot establish a superiority claim and is relabelled accordingly. This revision develops that finding quantitatively: because converter efficiency is a curve over load rather than a single number, two topologies can exchange rank between light and full load, so a four-way comparison of single points carries no information about which is better at any particular operating point. The neuro-fuzzy tracker and the doubly-fed wind generator are likewise identified as described rather than evidenced, and an internal inconsistency in which a generator is described as serving as a tracking algorithm is noted. A measurement plan is specified that would place all four converters on one bench at one operating point, which is the only basis on which the efficiency claim could be settled.