The Role of AI in Shaping the Coding Practices of Beginner Developers: A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly generative tools such as ChatGPT and GitHub Copilot, is fundamentally reshaping the way novice developers approach programming education. This systematic literature review synthesizes findings from thirteen peer-reviewed studies published between 2021 and 2025, examining the psychological, practical, and pedagogical effects of AI on beginner programmers. Thematic analysis uncovers five major trends: (1) AI as an on-demand learning assistant; (2) structural alteration of coding habits; (3) motivational and engagement dynamics; (4) pedagogical and ethical challenges; and (5) tool-specific strengths and limitations. Newly identified themes include AI’s influence on self-regulated learning and its differential impact across demographic groups. Critical research gaps in assessment integrity, long-term cognitive development, and equitable access are identified, with recommendations offered for AI-literate curriculum design.