Role of Multifunctional MWCNT Nanovaccines in Cancer Immunotherapy and Abscopal Effect

Abstract

Immunotherapy for cancer is a promising strategy to enhance targeted cancer therapy and overcome the drawbacks of conventional therapies. Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) have attracted considerable attention among the range of nanomaterials on account of their large surface area, high absorption of near-infrared (NIR) and their ability to carry multiple drugs. Nanovaccines based on MWCNTs have the potential of comprehensive targeted delivery and therapeutic function in addition to immune modulation and photothermal therapy being carried out in the same platform. MWCNTs create hyperthermia at the site of irradiation on NIR and destroy the tumor cells, promoting immunogenic cell death which activates the systemic anti-tumor immune response. These nanoplatforms also promote activation of dendritic cells, antigen presentation and the activation of cytotoxic T cells, improving the outcome of cancer immunotherapy. In addition, MWCNT mediated photothermal immunotherapy has demonstrated therapeutic potential for the production of the abscopal effect, which is a phenomenon of regression of distant metastatic tumors, mediated by the immune system. While therapeutic potential is suggested, toxicity, biocompatibility and long-term safety are important concerns for clinical translation. In summary, multifunctional MWCNT nanovaccines are a promising approach towards future cancer immunotherapies and advanced nanomedicine applications.