A Comprehensive Review of Dual-Stage Interleaved Onboard Charger for Electric Vehicles: Optimized with Hybrid Adaptive Genghis Khan Shark Gold Rush and PIDD2-PD Controller

Abstract

The rapid growth of electric vehicles has increased the demand for efficient, compact, and intelligent onboard charging systems capable of ensuring fast and reliable energy transfer. Dual-stage interleaved onboard chargers have emerged as a promising solution due to their ability to improve power quality, reduce current ripple, and enhance efficiency through advanced power conversion architectures.

This paper presents a comprehensive review of dual-stage interleaved onboard charger designs, focusing on advanced control strategies and hybrid metaheuristic optimization techniques. The architecture integrates a power factor correction stage with an isolated DC-DC converter, enabling high efficiency and wide operating range. The study highlights the use of PIDD2-PD controllers for improved dynamic response and accuracy, along with hybrid optimization algorithms such as the Genghis Khan shark Gold rush optimizer for effective parameter tuning in nonlinear and multi-objective environments.

Applications include electric vehicle charging systems requiring high power factor, low harmonic distortion, and stable voltage regulation. Comparative analysis demonstrates that hybrid metaheuristic-optimized controllers outperform traditional control methods in efficiency, transient response, and robustness. However, challenges such as computational complexity, real-time implementation, and system scalability remain. This review underscores the potential of integrating advanced control and optimization techniques to develop high-performance onboard charging systems for next-generation electric vehicles.