A Comprehensive Review of Attribute-Based Encryption Schemes: Models, Methods, and Emerging Applications

Abstract

Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE) has emerged as a powerful cryptographic paradigm that enables fine-grained access control over encrypted data in distributed and cloud environments. Unlike traditional encryption systems, ABE allows data access decisions based on attributes rather than identities, making it highly suitable for modern applications such as cloud computing, Internet of Things (IoT), and secure data sharing. This paper presents a comprehensive review of ABE schemes, focusing on their underlying models, methodologies, and emerging applications. The study analyzes 30 research works published between 2018 and 2023, covering key ABE models including Key-Policy ABE (KP-ABE), Ciphertext-Policy ABE (CP-ABE), multi-authority ABE, and lattice-based ABE. It also examines optimization techniques such as outsourcing computation, policy hiding, revocation mechanisms, and blockchain integration. Security models including chosen-plaintext attack (CPA) and chosen-ciphertext attack (CCA) resistance are discussed.

Furthermore, emerging applications of ABE in IoT, healthcare systems, edge computing, and smart cities are explored. The analysis reveals that ABE significantly enhances data confidentiality and access flexibility, although challenges such as computational overhead, scalability, and key management persist. The paper concludes with future research directions, emphasizing hybrid cryptographic approaches, post-quantum ABE schemes, and AI-driven optimization techniques.