Solar and Battery Based Automatic Grass Cutting Robot

Abstract

The growing demand for automation in domestic and agricultural applications has led to the development of intelligent lawn maintenance systems. This paper presents the design and implementation of an autonomous lawn mower based on microcontroller technology, aimed at minimizing human effort while ensuring efficient lawn coverage. The proposed system employs ultrasonic sensors to detect obstacles and distinguish lawn boundaries without requiring prior physical setup or perimeter wiring. The robotic platform is equipped with a high-speed cutting blade and follows an optimized zigzag traversal algorithm to achieve complete area coverage. Real-time sensor feedback enables dynamic path correction, allowing the system to avoid obstacles and adapt to varying terrain conditions. A motor driver interface is utilized to precisely control the movement of DC motors based on decisions made by the microcontroller. To enhance operational continuity, a dual-battery management system is incorporated. This system utilizes a relay-based automatic changeover mechanism, ensuring uninterrupted operation by switching between active and charging batteries as needed. The integration of intelligent navigation, obstacle avoidance, and power management results in a fully autonomous, energy-efficient lawn mowing solution. Experimental analysis demonstrates that the proposed system effectively reduces manual intervention while maintaining reliable and consistent performance across different lawn environments.