A Survey on Dual-Stage Interleaved Onboard Chargers for Electric Vehicles Using Hybrid GKSG and PIDD2-PD Optimization

Abstract

The rapid growth of electric vehicles has created a strong demand for efficient, compact, and intelligent onboard charging systems capable of operating under diverse grid and battery conditions. Dual-stage interleaved onboard chargers have emerged as a promising solution, offering improved power factor, reduced current ripple, enhanced efficiency, and better thermal performance through multi-phase operation and advanced power conversion techniques.

This paper presents a comprehensive review of dual-stage interleaved onboard charger architectures, focusing on advanced control strategies and hybrid metaheuristic optimization. The system integrates a power factor correction stage with an isolated DC-DC converter to achieve high efficiency and wide operating range. The study highlights the PIDD2-PD controller, which enhances transient response, disturbance rejection, and steady-state accuracy. To optimize controller parameters, the Hybrid Adaptive Genghis Khan Shark Gold Rush algorithm is applied, combining multiple optimization strategies to balance exploration and exploitation for superior performance in nonlinear environments.

Applications include electric vehicle charging systems requiring low harmonic distortion, high power factor, and stable voltage regulation. Comparative analyses demonstrate that hybrid optimization-based controllers outperform traditional methods in efficiency, robustness, and convergence speed. However, challenges such as computational complexity, real-time implementation, and scalability remain. This review emphasizes the potential of integrating advanced control architectures with intelligent optimization techniques to develop next-generation onboard charging systems for electric vehicles.