A Review of Radiation Physics and Shielding

Abstract

Radiation physics deals with the production, interaction, and effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation on matter. With increasing applications of radiation in medicine, nuclear energy, industry, space exploration, and research laboratories, effective radiation shielding has become critically important for ensuring safety and regulatory compliance. This review presents a comprehensive examination of radiation physics principles, types of radiation, interaction mechanisms with matter, and shielding strategies. Emphasis is placed on the physical laws governing attenuation, scattering, and absorption processes, as well as material selection and shielding design methodologies. Comparative analysis highlights the effectiveness of different shielding materials across radiation types. Current challenges and emerging developments in radiation protection are discussed.