Recent Advances in Dual-Stage Interleaved Onboard Charger for Electric Vehicles: Optimized with Hybrid adaptive Genghis Khan shark Gold rush and PIDD2-PD Controller: A Systematic Review

Abstract

The rapid growth of electric vehicles has increased the demand for efficient, reliable, and intelligent onboard charging systems. Dual-stage interleaved onboard chargers have emerged as a promising solution due to their ability to improve power factor, reduce current ripple, and enhance efficiency and thermal performance across varying operating conditions. This paper presents a comprehensive review of dual-stage interleaved onboard charger architectures, focusing on advanced control strategies and hybrid metaheuristic optimization techniques. The system integrates a power factor correction stage with an isolated DC-DC converter, enabling high efficiency and wide operating range. The study emphasizes the use of PIDD2-PD controllers, which offer improved transient response, reduced overshoot, and enhanced steady-state accuracy. To optimize controller parameters, the Hybrid Adaptive Genghis Khan Shark Gold Rush (HAGKSGR) algorithm is applied, combining multiple optimization strategies to achieve faster convergence and global optimal solutions. Applications include electric vehicle charging systems requiring high power quality, low harmonic distortion, and stable voltage regulation. Comparative analysis demonstrates that hybrid metaheuristic-optimized controllers outperform traditional PI and PID approaches in robustness and efficiency. However, challenges such as computational complexity, real-time implementation, and system scalability remain. This review highlights the potential of integrating advanced control and optimization techniques to develop high-performance onboard charging systems for next-generation electric vehicles.