A Systematic Review of Mathematical Modelling of Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness: Methods, Architectures, and Future Research Directions

Abstract

Electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) is a critical parameter in evaluating the ability of materials and structures to attenuate electromagnetic interference (EMI) across a wide range of frequencies. Mathematical modelling plays a fundamental role in understanding and predicting shielding performance by quantifying mechanisms such as reflection, absorption, and multiple reflections. Recent advancements between 2018 and 2023 have significantly enhanced EMSE modelling through the integration of computational electromagnetics, machine learning, stochastic approaches, and multi-scale modelling frameworks. Traditional models based on Maxwell’s equations and transmission line theory provide analytical insights but often fail to capture complex material heterogeneity and frequency-dependent behaviour. Modern approaches incorporate numerical techniques such as finite element method (FEM), finite-difference time-domain (FDTD), and Monte Carlo simulations, enabling accurate modelling of composite and nanostructured shielding materials. Additionally, hybrid AI-driven models have emerged to improve prediction accuracy and reduce computational complexity. This review systematically analyses recent developments in EMSE mathematical modelling, focusing on modelling techniques, architectural frameworks, and real-world applications. It also identifies key challenges, including model validation, computational cost, and multi-physics integration. Finally, the paper highlights future research directions toward intelligent, adaptive, and scalable electromagnetic shielding solutions for next-generation communication and electronic systems.