Deep Learning and Optimization Approaches in Securing Healthcare Data with Quaternion-Based Evolutionary Gravitational Neocognitron Neural Networks and Encoder-Elliptic Curve Deep Neural Networks Integrated with Blockchain: A Review

Abstract

The rapid expansion of digital health records, wearable devices, Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) platforms, and cloud-based healthcare systems has resulted in a massive increase in sensitive patient data being generated, stored, and transmitted across interconnected networks. This growth has simultaneously heightened vulnerability to sophisticated cyber threats, necessitating the development of secure, scalable, and intelligent data protection frameworks. This review explores advanced approaches that integrate deep learning architectures—namely Quaternion-Based Evolutionary Gravitational Neocognitron Neural Networks (QEGNN) and Encoder-Elliptic Curve Deep Neural Networks (EEC-DNN)—with blockchain technology to enhance healthcare data security. Quaternion neural networks extend traditional models into a hypercomplex domain, enabling efficient representation of multidimensional medical data such as ECG signals, MRI images, and genomic information. Evolutionary gravitational optimization improves model performance by efficiently tuning parameters and enhancing convergence. The EEC-DNN framework incorporates elliptic curve cryptography into neural encoding layers, ensuring secure and tamper-resistant data representations through embedded key exchange mechanisms. Blockchain technology further strengthens the system by providing decentralized, immutable, and transparent data management, enabling secure storage, traceability, and auditability of electronic health records. The integrated framework demonstrates strong performance across applications including medical image protection, federated learning, health record validation, and remote monitoring. Overall, this unified approach significantly enhances data security, integrity, and intelligent processing capabilities in modern healthcare environments.