A Review of Biophysics and Medical Physics

Abstract

Biophysics and medical physics are interdisciplinary fields that apply the principles of physics to understand biological systems and improve medical diagnosis and therapy. Biophysics focuses on the physical mechanisms underlying biological processes, ranging from molecular interactions and cellular mechanics to neural signaling and biomechanics. Medical physics, on the other hand, translates physical concepts into clinical practice, playing a critical role in medical imaging, radiation therapy, nuclear medicine, and biomedical instrumentation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental concepts, theoretical frameworks, experimental techniques, and technological applications in biophysics and medical physics. Emphasis is placed on molecular and cellular biophysics, bioelectricity, biomechanics, medical imaging modalities, radiation physics, and emerging trends such as computational modeling and personalized medicine. The review highlights the close integration of physics with biology and medicine and discusses current challenges and future research directions.